Apple Final Cut Pro 7 - Manual (Page 1941)

Progressive Segmented Frame Recording
Sony CineAlta cameras can record 23.98 or true 24 fps Progressive segmented Frame
(PsF) footage on HDCAM or HDCAM SR tape. The camera records at 48 fields per second
while each progressive frame is placed on two fields, resulting in 24 fps.
Interlaced frames
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 6 7
One second
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
19
19
18
18
17
17
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
24 @ 25
True 24 fps film or video can be transferred to PAL (25 fps) by speeding up the frame rate
by 4 percent. For film editing purposes on PAL video, applications like Cinema Tools can
slow the 25 fps PAL video back to 24 fps (a process called conforming) so that sync is
maintained with the original audio.
For showing film-originated movies on PAL video, both film and audio speed are increased
by 4 percent. The speed increase is considered acceptable, although the audio must be
“pitch shifted” down to match the original. This is the most common method for
film-to-PAL transfers.
24 fps
25 fps
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 6 7
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
19 20 21 22 23 24
One second
First frame of next second
24 @ 25 Pull-Down
This method does not change the speed of the original film. Instead, film frames 12 and
24 are pulled down for a duration of three fields instead of two, creating a subtle stutter
each half second. This pattern is technically described as 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pull-down.
24 fps
25 fps
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 6 7
Repeated field
1
1
24
24
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
12
14
13
15
14
16
15
17
16
18
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
19 20 21 22 23 24
One second
Repeated field
1941 Appendix D Working with 24p Video