Retrotec USACE - Manual (Page 99)

Energy Conservation Measures 77
TABLE 2. CAUSES OF ENERGY WASTE AND INEFFICIENCY IN HVAC SYSTEMS. (Continued)
Problem description Waste/ineffi ciency Reference/appendix
Refrigeration No insulation on cold pipes less than 16 °C (60 °F) Waste D2.4.1
Low refrigerant charge Ineffi ciency D2.4.2
Frosting of evaporator coils Ineffi ciency D2.4.3
Increased refrigeration energy use due to open and
unprotected freezer doors Waste D7.10.3
Use of oversized equipment Ineffi ciency
Use of air cooled condensers Ineffi ciency
Building
automation
and control
systems Inoperable, uncalibrated, or poorly adjusted controls Ineffi ciency D2.5.1
Simultaneous heating and cooling Waste D2.5.2
Heating or cooling unused spaces Waste D2.5.3
Not using free cooling Waste D2.5.4
Not using temperature reset off-shift Waste D2.5.5
Overheating or undercooling spaces Waste D2.5.6
Equipment operating when not needed Waste D2.5.7
1.3.3 Central Energy Plant and Distribution Systems
Each component of the site energy and water systems needs to be evaluated
for energy and water waste and effi ciency. It is likely that a building site or
installation will have a power house, or central energy plant, where equipment
that provides utility-type services to the buildings and processes is located.
In the power house, there may be boilers to generate steam or hot water
for the heating needs of the site’s buildings and processes. Fuel is consumed
in the boilers, and a percentage of the heating energy found in the fuel is
transferred to the steam or hot water. Pumps are required to move water
through the equipment, and fans are needed to supply air for combustion of
the fuel.
There may also be chillers in the powerhouse to cool the chilled water
needed by the buildings and processes. Pumps are required in this system to
circulate water to the buildings and to the cooling towers. Cooling towers are
needed to release the heat removed by the chillers from the chilled water to
the atmosphere.