Intel IA-32 - Manual (Page 92)

3-12 Vol. 3A
PROTECTED-MODE MEMORY MANAGEMENT
3.4.5 Segment Descriptors
A segment descriptor is a data structure in a GDT or LDT that provides the processor with the
size and location of a segment, as well as access control and status information. Segment
descriptors are typically created by compilers, linkers, loaders, or the operating system or exec-
utive, but not application programs. Figure 3-8 illustrates the general descriptor format for all
types of segment descriptors.
The flags and fields in a segment descriptor are as follows:
Segment limit field
Specifies the size of the segment. The processor puts together the two segment
limit fields to form a 20-bit value. The processor interprets the segment limit
in one of two ways, depending on the setting of the G (granularity) flag:
• If the granularity flag is clear, the segment size can range from 1 byte to
1 MByte, in byte increments.
• If the granularity flag is set, the segment size can range from 4 KBytes to
4 GBytes, in 4-KByte increments.
The processor uses the segment limit in two different ways, depending on
whether the segment is an expand-up or an expand-down segment. See Section
3.4.5.1, “Code- and Data-Segment Descriptor Types”, for more information
about segment types. For expand-up segments, the offset in a logical address
can range from 0 to the segment limit. Offsets greater than the segment limit
generate general-protection exceptions (#GP). For expand-down segments, the
Figure 3-8. Segment Descriptor
31 24 23 22 21 20 19 16 15 13 14 12 11 8 7 0
P Base 31:24 G
D
P
L
Type S L 4
31 16 15 0
Base Address 15:00 Segment Limit 15:00 0
Base 23:16
D
/
B
A
V
L
Seg.
Limit
19:16
G — Granularity
LIMIT — Segment Limit
P
— Segment present
S — Descriptor type (0 = system; 1 = code or data)
TYPE — Segment type
DPL — Descriptor privilege level
AVL — Available for use by system software
BASE — Segment base address
D/B — Default operation size (0 = 16-bit segment; 1 = 32-bit segment)
L — 64-bit code segment (IA-32e mode only)