Elenco 130-in-1 Electronics Playground - Manual (Page 3)

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Ohm’s Law The relationship between
voltage, current, and resistance.
Ohm, ( Ω) The unit of measure for
resistance.
Oscillator A circuit that uses feedback to
generate an AC output.
Parallel When several electrical
components are connected
between the same points in the
circuit.
Pico- (p) A prefix used in the metric
system. It means a millionth of
a millionth (0.000,000,000,001)
of something.
Pitch The musical term for frequency.
Printed Circuit Board A board used for mounting
electrical components.
Components are connected
using metal traces “printed” on
the board instead of wires.
Receiver The device which is receiving a
message (usually with radio).
Resistance The electrical friction between
an electric current and the
material it is flowing through; the
loss of energy from electrons as
they move between atoms of
the material.
Resistor Components used to control the
flow of electricity in a circuit.
They are made of carbon.
Resistor-Transistor- A type of circuit
Logic (RTL) arrangement used to construct
digital gates.
Reverse-Biased When there is a voltage in the
direction of high-resistance
across a diode.
Saturation The state of a transistor when
the circuit resistances, not the
transistor itself, are limiting the
current.
Schematic A drawing of an electrical circuit
that uses symbols for all the
components.
Semiconductor A material that has more
resistance than conductors but
less than insulators. It is used to
construct diodes, transistors,
and integrated circuits.
Series When electrical components
are connected one after the
other.
Short Circuit When wires from different parts
of a circuit (or different circuits)
connect accidentally.
Silicon The chemical element most
commonly used as a
semiconductor.
Speaker A device which converts
electrical energy into sound.
Switch A device to connect (“closed” or
“on”) or disconnect (“open” or
“off”) wires in an electric circuit.
Transformer A device which uses two coils to
change the AC voltage and
current (increasing one while
decreasing the other).
Transient Temporary. Used to describe
DC changes to circuits.
Transistor An electronic device that uses a
small amount of current to
control a large amount of
current.
Transmitter The device which is sending a
message (usually with radio).
Tuning Capacitor A capacitor whose value is
varied by rotating conductive
plates over a dielectric.
Variable Resistor A resistor with an additional arm
contact that can move along the
resistive material and tap off the
desired resistance.
Voltage A measure of how strong an
electric charge across a
material is.
Voltage Divider A resistor configuration to
create a lower voltage.
Volts (V) The unit of measure for voltage.
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VI. MEET TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC 64
48. Blinking LEDs 65
49. Machiny Sound 66
50. Astable Multivibrator Using TTL 67
51. Tone Generator 68
52. Monster Mouth 69
53. Dark Shooting 70
54. A One-Shot TTL 71
55. Transistor Timer Using TTL 72
56. LED Buzzin’ 73
57. Another LED Buzzin’ 74
58. Set/Reset Buzzer 75
59. Another Set/Reset Buzzer 76
VII. OSCILLATOR APPLICATION CIRCUITS 77
60. Ode to the Pencil Lead Organ 78
61. Double-Transistor Oscillator 79
62. Decimal Point Strobe Light 80
63. “The Early Bird Gets the Worm” 81
64. Adjustable R-C Oscillator 82
65. Heat-Sensitive Oscillator 83
66. Pulse Alarm 84
67. Pushing & Pulling Oscillator 85
68. Slow Shut-off Oscillator 86
69. Electronic Organ Detector 87
VIII. MEET THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 88
70. Operational Amplifier Comparator 89
71. Changing Input Voltage 90
72. Non-inverting Dual Supply Op Amp 91
73. Inverting Dual Supply Op Amp 92
74. Non-inverting Amplifier 93
75. Dual-Supply Differential Amplifier 94
76. Miller Integrating Circuit 95
77. Stable-Current Source 96
78. Operational Amplifier Blinking LED 97
79. LED Flasher 98
80. Double LED Blinker 99
81. Single Flash Light 100
82. Introducing the Schmitt Trigger 101
83. Initials on LED Display 102
84. Logic Testing Circuit 103
85. Voice-Controlled LED 104
86. Buzzin’ with the Op Amp 105
87. Sweep Oscillator 106
88. Falling Bomb 107
89. Alert Siren 108
90. Crisis Siren 109
91. Op Amp Metronome 110
92. Burglar Buzzer 111
93. LED Initials 112
94. Wake Up Siren 113
95. Voice Activated LED 114
96. Logic Tester 115
IX. MORE FUN WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 116
97. Voice Power Meter 117
98. Reset Circuit 118
99. RC Delay Timer 119
100. Listen To Alternating Current 120
101. Pulse Frequency Multiplier 121
102. White Noise Maker 122
103. Light-Controlled Sound 123
104. DC-DC Converter 124
105. Super Sound Alarm 125
106. Op Amp Three-Input “AND” Gate 126
107. Timer 127
108. Cooking Timer 128
X. RADIO AND COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS 129
109. Operational Amplifier AM Radio 130
110. AM Code Transmitter 131
111. AM Radio Station 132
112. Crystal Set Radio 133
113. Two-Transistor Radio 134
114. Morse Code Oscillator With Tone Control 135
XI. TEST AND MEASUREMENT CIRCUITS 136
115. Water Level Warning 137
116. Water Level Alarm 138
117. Audio Signal Hunter 139
118. RF Signal Tracer 140
119. Square Wave Oscillator 141
120. Sawtooth Oscillator 142
121. Audio Continuity Tester 143
122. Audio Rain Detector 144
123. Audio Metal Detector 145
124. Water Level Buzzer 146
125. Pule Tone Generator 147
126. Resistance Tester 148
127. Transistor Tester 149
128. Sine Wave Oscillator 150
129. Sine Wave Oscillator With Low Distortion 151
130. Twin-T Oscillator 152
INDEX 153
PARTS LIST 155
DEFINITION OF TERMS 156
IDENTIFYING RESISTOR VALUES 159
IDENTIFYING CAPACITOR VALUES 159
METRIC UNITS AND CONVERSIONS 159