Interlogix NS3500-28T-4S User Manual - Manual (Page 140)

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 The path cost to the root associated with each switch port
 The port identifier
STP communicates between switches on the network using Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). Each BPDU
contains the following information:
 The unique identifier of the switch that the transmitting switch currently believes is the root switch
 The path cost to the root from the transmitting port
 The port identifier of the transmitting port
The switch sends BPDUs to communicate and construct the spanning-tree topology. All switches connected to the
LAN on which the packet is transmitted will receive the BPDU. BPDUs are not directly forwarded by the switch, but the
receiving switch uses the information in the frame to calculate a BPDU, and, if the topology changes, initiates a BPDU
transmission.
The communication between switches via BPDUs results in the following:
 One switch is elected as the root switch
 The shortest distance to the root switch is calculated for each switch
 A designated switch is selected. This is the switch closest to the root switch through which packets will be
forwarded to the root.
 A port for each switch is selected. This is the port providing the best path from the switch to the root switch.
 Ports included in the STP are selected.
Creating a Stable STP Topology
It is to make the root port a fastest link. If all switches have STP enabled with default settings, the switch with the
lowest MAC address in the network will become the root switch. By increasing the priority (lowering the priority number)
of the best switch, STP can be forced to select the best switch as the root switch.
When STP is enabled using the default parameters, the path between source and destination stations in a switched
network might not be ideal. For instance, connecting higher-speed links to a port that has a higher number than the
current root port can cause a root-port change.
STP Port States
The BPDUs take some time to pass through a network. This propagation delay can result in topology changes where a
port that transitioned directly from a Blocking state to a Forwarding state could create temporary data loops. Ports
must wait for new network topology information to propagate throughout the network before starting to forward packets.
They must also wait for the packet lifetime to expire for BPDU packets that were forwarded based on the old topology.
The forward delay timer is used to allow the network topology to stabilize after a topology change. In addition, STP
specifies a series of states a port must transition through to further ensure that a stable network topology is created