Netopia Firmware 4000-Series - Manual (Page 295)

Understanding IP Addressing B-3
Subnet numbers appear within IP addresses, along with network numbers and host numbers. Since an IP
address is always 32 bits long, using subnet numbers means either the network number or the host numbers
must use fewer bits in order to leave room for the subnet numbers. Since the InterNIC assigns the network
number proper, it should not change, so the subnet numbers must be created out of bits that would other wise
be par t of the host numbers.
Subnet masks
To create subnets, the network manager must define a subnet mask, a 32-bit number that indicates which bits
in an IP address are used for network and subnetwork addresses and which are used for host addresses. One
subnet mask should apply to all IP networks that are physically connected together and share a single assigned
network number. Subnet masks are often written in decimal notation like IP addresses, but they are most easily
understood in binar y notation. When a subnet mask is written in binar y notation, each numeral 1 indicates that
the corresponding bit in the IP address is par t of the network or subnet address. Each 0 indicates that the
corresponding bit is par t of the host address. The following table shows the proper subnet masks to use for
each class of network when no subnets are required.
To know whether subnets are being used or not, you must know what subnet mask is being used—you cannot
determine this information simply from an IP address. Subnet mask information is configured as par t of the
process of setting up IP routers and gateways such as the Router.
Note: If you receive a routed account from an ISP, there must be a mask associated with your network IP
address. By using the IP address with the mask you can discover exactly how many IP host addresses you
actually have.
To configure subnets properly, you must also be able to conver t between binar y notation and decimal notation.
Example: Using subnets on a Class C IP internet
When setting up IP routing with a Class A address, or even with multiple Class C addresses, subnetting is fairly
straightfor ward. Subnetting a single Class C address between two networks, however, is more complex. This
section describes the general procedures for subnetting a single Class C network between two Netopia routers
so that each can have Internet access.
Class Subnet mask for a network with no subnets
A Binar y:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Decimal: 255.0.0.0
B Binar y:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Decimal: 255.255.0.0
C Binar y:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Decimal: 255.255.255.0