KERN & SOHN TN 300-0.01US - Manual (Page 8)

Sauter GmbH
Tieringerstr. 11-15
D-72336 Balingen
E-Mail: [email protected] Tel: +49-[0]7433- 9976-174
Fax: +49-[0]7433-9976-285
Internet: www. sauter.eu
Instruction Manual
TN_US
TN_US-BA-e-1112 8
information of the communication software and its usage,
refer to the software manual.
5. Servicing
If there should appear some abnormal phenomena to the
instrument, please do not dismantle or adjust any fixed
assembly parts on your own. Instead of this, the present
warranty card has to be filled out and the instrument has to
be sent to us. The warranty service can be carried on.
6. Transport and Storage
1) The instrument has to be kept away from vibration,
strong magnetic fields, corrosive medium, dumpiness or
dust. Storage in ordinary temperature.
Appendix A Sound Velocities
Sound Velocity Material
In/us m/s
Aluminum 0.250 6340-6400
Steel, common
0.233
5920
Steel, stainless
0.226
5740
Brass
0.173
4399
Copper
0.186
4720
Iron
0.233
5930
Cast Iron
0.173-0.229
4400 5820
Lead
0.094
2400
Nylon
0.105
2680
Silver
0.142
3607
Gold
0.128
3251
Zinc
0.164
4170
Titanium
0.236
5990
Tin
0.117
2960
Epoxy resin
0.100
2540
Ice
0.157
3988
Nickel
0.222
5639
Plexiglass
0.106
2692
Polystyrene
0.092
2337
Porcelain
0.230
5842
PVC
0.094
2388
Quartz glass
0.222
5639
Rubber, vulcanized
0.091
2311
Teflon
0.056
1422
Water
0.058
1473
Appendix B Application Notes
Measuring pipe and tubing
When a piece of pipe is measured to determine the
thickness of the pipe wall, the orientation of the transducer
is of importance. If the diameter of the pipe is larger than
approximately 4 inches, measurement should be
performed with the transducer orientated in the way that
the gap in the surface of the sensor is perpendicular (at
right angle) to the long axis of the pipe.
For smaller pipe diameters, two measurements should be
performed, one with the surface gap of the sensor
perpendicular, another with the gap parallel to the long
axis of the pipe. The smaller one of the displayed values
should be taken as the thickness of that point.
Measuring hot surfaces
The sound velocity through a substance is dependent on
its temperature. As materials heat up, the velocity of sound
through them decreases. In most applications with surface
temperatures of less than 100°C, no special procedures
must be observed. At temperatures above that point, the
change in sound velocity of the material being measured
starts having a noticeable effect upon ultrasonic
measurement. At such elevated temperatures it is
recommended to first performing a calibration on a sample
piece of known thickness, which is at or near the
temperature of the material being measured. This will allow
the instrument to correctly calculate the sound velocity
through the hot material.
When performing measurements on hot surfaces, it may
also be necessary to use a specially constructed high-
temperature transducer. These transducers are built of
materials which can withstand high temperatures.
It is also recommended that the sensor has to be left in
contact with the surface for a short time in order to acquire
a stable measurement. While the transducer is in contact
with the hot surface, it will be heated up and with thermal
expansion and other effects, the accuracy of measurement
may adversely be affected.
Measuring laminated materials
Laminated materials are unique because of their density
(and therefore sound velocity) may considerably vary from
one piece to another. Some laminated materials may even
exhibit noticeable changes in sound velocity across a
single surface. The only way to a reliable measurement is
to perform a calibration on a sample piece of known
thickness. Ideally, this sample material should be a part of
the same piece being measured, or at least from the same
lamination batch. The effects of variation of sound velocity