An241 – Cirrus Logic AN241 User Manual
Page 8
AN241
8
4.4
Overview of Filter Topology #1
4.4.1
High Pass Filter and DC Biasing
The first stage of the buffer forms a high pass filter from the combination of the AC-coupling capacitor
along with the resistor that connects the positive terminal of the op-amp in the input signal path to the DC
bias voltage. The 3 dB corner of the high pass filter can be calculated as follows:
where:
R
is the value of the resistor (in Ohms)
C
is the value of the capacitor (in Farads)
In the input buffer shown in Figure 4,
R
= 100 k
Ω
and
C
= 1.0
µ
F. This places the 3 dB corner at approx-
imately 1.59 Hz. Typically, this corner should be at least one decade below the bandwidth of interest in
order to prevent a significant droop in the frequency response.
Since the input impedance into the op-amp is extremely high, the effective input impedance into the ana-
log input buffer will be determined by the value of the resistors to the bias voltage in parallel with the
100 k
Ω
shunt resistors. In the input buffer shown above, the input impedance is approximately 50 k
Ω.
Ide-
ally, the larger this input impedance the better. However, in the input buffer shown in Figure 4, the AC-
coupling capacitor will initially be charged up via the op-amp connected to the on-chip voltage reference.
This charge up time is dependent on the size of the AC-coupling capacitor and the amount of series re-
sistance to the DC-biasing op-amp. The time constant can be calculated as follows:
where
R
= the amount of resistance between the AC-coupling capacitor and the DC-biasing op-amp (in
Ohms)
C
= the value of capacitance of the AC-coupling capacitor (in Farads)
In the input buffer shown in Figure 4,
R
=100 k
Ω
, and
C
= 1.0
µ
F. This produces a time constant of 0.1 s.
This would indicate that the capacitor will charge up to within 99% of the final DC value in approximately
0.5 s (which is 5 time constants). The 100 k
Ω
resistors to ground on the input node allow a DC path to
charge the AC-coupling capacitors, regardless of whether or not there is an input signal source present.
4.4.2
Op Amp Circuitry and Anti-Aliasing Capacitor
The op-amp topology used in the input buffer shown in Figure 4 addresses two issues. First, it provides
an extremely low output impedance and therefore minimizes the amount of distortion presented to the
converters internal sampling circuits. By placing the 91
Ω
resistor in the feedback loop, it’s resistance is
divided by the open-loop gain of the op-amp, providing a sub-ohm output impedance. Secondly, this op-
amp topology provides a low pass filter. Using the recommended values, this filter remains flat throughout
the audio passband and provides approximately 2 0dB of rejection at the modulator sampling rate (where
the converter is susceptible to aliasing). The characteristics of this low pass filter can be changed by ad-
justing the values of the resistors and capacitors in the feedback loop. However, it is important to maintain
a flat frequency response throughout the passband of interest and to provide reasonable attenuation at
RC
F
C
π
2
1
=
RC
=
τ